The Effects of CO2 Enrichment on the Radial Growth of Pinus densiflora

CHOI, En-Bi; LIM, Hyemin; SEO, Jeong-Wook

doi:10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.3.289

J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol. 2024; 52(3):289-299

pISSN: 1017-0715, eISSN: 2233-7180

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.3.289

Original Article

The Effects of CO₂ Enrichment on the Radial Growth of Pinus densiflora

En-Bi CHOI¹, Hyemin LIM², Jeong-Wook SEO³^,^†

Author Information & Copyright ▼

¹Department of Forest Products, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea

²Department of Forest Bio-resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea

³Department of Wood & Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea

^†Corresponding author: Jeong-Wook SEO (e-mail: jwseo@chungbuk.ac.kr)

Copyright 2024 The Korean Society of Wood Science & Technology. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Apr 04, 2024; Revised: Apr 17, 2024; Accepted: Apr 29, 2024

Published Online: May 25, 2024

ABSTRACT

The current study aimed to investigate the impact of CO₂ enrichment on the width of annual tree rings, earlywood and latewood, and the area of annual growth of Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. grown in open-top chamber (OTC). To this end, two CO₂ enrichment cases were considered, namely 1.4 × increment (560 ppm in OTC-II) and 1.8 × (720 ppm in OTC-III) were compared with the current atmosphere (400 ppm in OTC-I). The CO₂ enrichment conditions for a period of 12 years (2010–2021) were considered, and all measurements were done through image analysis. The study showed that the increment in CO₂ concentrations positively affected the tree growth. The measurement data from the trees in OTC-III were considerably higher than those from OTC-I, whereas those from OTC-II were slightly higher than those from OTC-I. Decreasing patterns of the measured widths and area in 6–7 years after the beginning of CO₂ enrichment was found for all the OTCs. These patterns were possibly due to changes in the physiological features, such as aging. The findings of the present study can have potential uses as fundamental data for forest management considering CO₂ concentrations.

Keywords: tree growth; open top chamber; carbon dioxide; Pinus densiflora; earlywood; latewood; annual ring area

1. INTRODUCTION

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, plays an important role in regulating the earth’s climate by absorbing and releasing the earth’s heat (Johnson et al., 2023; Sabine and Feely, 2015). However, increase in the quantity of CO₂ in the atmosphere beyond the natural threshold limit causes global warming and unprecedented climate change, resulting in damage to the earth’s natural climate (Friedlingstein et al., 2022; Nunes, 2023; Pennisi, 2020; Raviraja, 2023; Yu and Chen, 2019). On the other hand, since quantitative and qualitative growth of trees depend directly on climate, understanding the relation between tree growth and CO₂ is deemed relevant for forest management (Jeong et al., 2017; Ju et al., 2023; Kwon and Kim, 2005; Park et al., 2015; Seo et al., 2017a, 2017b).

Facilities such as open top change (OTC), whole tree chamber, free air CO₂ enrichment system, temperature gradient chamber, and CO₂-temperatrue gradient chamber were developed to study the changes in tree growth or physiological characteristics upon increase in the CO₂ concentrations (Ceulemans and Mousseau, 1994; Hollister et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2007; Watanabe et al., 2016). Through these studies, it was found that the effects of increased CO₂ concentration on tree growth were different depending upon the tree species, tree age, and growing conditions, such as soil, light intensity, humidity, and temperature (Fathurrahman, 2023; Kallarackal and Roby, 2012; Reed et al., 2018; Souza et al., 2019), and therefore, future studies should include these parameters to get a clearer picture (Ryu et al., 2014).

The National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon Korea, established the first OTC in 2009 to monitor the response of tree growth with increase in CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere over a long period (Lee et al., 2012). The OTC is a decagon having 10 m diameter, 7 m height, and an upper opening of more than 75% to minimize the differences between the inside of the OTC, the actual atmosphere, and the microenvironment (Dabros and Fyles, 2010; Zhang et al., 2005; Kimball et al., 2007). The OTCs were set in such a way so that they have different concentrations of CO₂. The concentration of CO₂ in one of the three OTCs (OTC-I) was 400 ppm, which is the same as that of the atmosphere. The other two were OTC-II which was 1.4 times (560 ppm) and OTC-III which was 1.8 times (720 ppm) higher than OTC-I (Kim et al., 2022). In all the OTCs, Pinus densiflora, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Sorbus alnifolia, and Quercus acutissima are the major native tree species in Korea (National Institute of Forest Science, 2017). Three trees from each species were planted and all were of the same clone. Due to the OTC, the inside temperature was about 0.5°C–0.7°C warmer than the outside; however, there were no significant differences between the OTCs (Lee et al., 2012). The air humidity was not significantly different between the OTCs (4% or less), and between the OTCs and outside (0.1%–1%).

Past studies also reported the effects of CO₂ enrichment on morphological and physiological activities of trees (Ryu et al., 2014), and phenological activity of the leaves of Q. acutissima (Seo et al., 2014). These studies indicated that different tree species have different morphological and physiological characteristics (e.g., stomatal morphology and photosynthetic capacity) depending upon CO₂ enrichment and increasing carbon dioxide concentrations extends the growing season of Q. acutissima by accelerating leaf opening and retarding leaf fall.

To effectively manage wood resource, our understanding on the effects of increased CO₂ concentration on tree growth is necessary (Lim et al., 2017). However, no studies have been conducted to date on quantitative radial growth, such as the widths of annual ring, earlywood and latewood, and the area of the annual ring. To address this gap, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing CO₂ concentration on the radial growth of Korean red pine. To this end, the widths of annual ring, earlywood and latewood, and the area of the annual rings were measured and compared with CO₂ enriched scenarios considering the duration of the experiment.

2. MATERIALS and METHODS

2.1. Research material

Korean red pines (Pinus densiflora) from an OTC at the National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon (37° 15′ 04″ N, 136° 57′ 59″ E) were used for the present study (Table 1). Pines are the representative species among the most widely distributed single tree species in Korea. The pines in the OTCs were all from the same clone and four years old when planted in 2009. The disc-shaped samples obtained from the trees were about 5 cm thick and approximately 20 cm above the ground level from the external control (NOTC) and all OTCs (OTC-I, II, and III).

Table 1. Description of experimental trees

Group	NOTC	OTC-I	OTC-II	OTC-III
Chamber installation	X	O	O	O
CO₂ level	≈ 400 ppm	≈ 400 ppm	560 ppm	720 ppm
Number of trees	3	3	3	3
Tree species	Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.

NOTC: external control, OTC: open-top chamber.

Download Excel Table

2.2. Image preparation and measurement

All growth measurements were done through image analysis. To ensure accurate analysis, the collected disk samples were air-dried and surface-polished with #80 sandpaper through #120 and #360, which helped distinguish the cross-sectional tree-ring boundaries. The cross-sectional images were captured using a scanner (EPSON, 10000XL) at a resolution of 1,200 dpi. Subsequently, WinDENDRO (Regent Instrument, Québec, QC, Canada) was applied to measure the annual tree-ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width and Image J (v1.8.0, National Institutes of Health and the Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation) was applied to annual tree-ring area (Abràmoff et al., 2004; Guay et al., 1992; Schneider et al., 2012).

2.3. Statistical method

The growth comparisons of the CO₂ levels were analyzed using the R statistical program (ver. 4.3.2.). For comparative analysis, all the measured data were tested for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance test, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). If statistically significant differences were identified between the OTCs after variance analysis, a post hoc analysis (Duncan test) was further performed. When normality was insufficient, a non-parametric test, viz. the Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed; whereas, when significant differences between the groups were identified, post-hoc analyses (Dunn's test) was done.

3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION

3.1. Effect of the open-top chamber installation on the growth of pines

Tree-ring growth was compared between the pines from two groups, NOTC and OCT-I, and the CO₂ level was the same as that of the atmosphere. Prior to the CO₂ enrichment in 2008–2009, no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the annual tree-ring growth was found between the two groups. However, after CO₂ enrichment began in 2010, a clear difference was observed in the increase in the annual tree-ring width, earlywood width, and tree-ring area (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Annual growths of NOTC and OTC-I between 2008 and 2010. NOTC: external control, OTC: open-top chamber.

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When compared with the years before CO₂ enrichment, NOTC showed only 1.3 and 1.4 times increase in the width of the tree rings and earlywood, respectively, while OTC-I displayed an increase of about 3.0 and 4.0 times. Regarding the tree-ring area, NOTC increased by 2.9 times, whereas OTC-I increased by an average of 5.8 times. It was also observed that the width of the latewood decreased for NOTC, but OTC-I remained unchanged. Therefore, it was concluded that the latewood width was not significantly affected by the OTC installation.

According to a study using trees from the OTCs (Lee et al., 2012), the temperature between the NOTC and OTC-I was different around 0.5°C–0.7°C. Temperature can affect tree growth by impacting the initiation and termination of growth and the degree of cambial activity during the growth period, ultimately leading to an enhanced growth (Park et al., 2015, 2021; Yoo et al., 2021). This temperature condition can only be applied to OTC-I, II, and III. Therefore, subsequent analysis of growth with respect to CO₂ levels was performed using OTC-I as reference value, along with OTC-II and III.

3.2. Tree-ring growth in response to CO₂ levels

The annual tree-ring time series of each OTC and the accumulated graph shows a similar pattern (Fig. 2). The mean correlation coefficient between the tree-ring time series of the OTCs was 0.89 (p < 0.05; Table 2). The time series showed an increasing trend between 2014–2016, followed by a gradual decrease. In 2018, however, the ring widths of all the OTCs decreased suddenly.

Fig. 2. Inter-annual tree-ring growth (a) and accumulated tree-ring growth (b). OTC-I: white dot, OTC-II: gray dot, OTC-III: black dot. OTC: open-top chamber.

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Table 2. Tree-ring widths and synchronization between the inter-annual tree-ring variations from all the OTCs

Variable	Tree-ring width (mm)		Correlation coefficient between inter-annual tree-ring variation
Variable	Mean	SD	OTC-I	OTC-II	OTC-III
OTC-I	5.81	2.82	-	p < 0.05	p < 0.05
OTC-II	6.04	3.57	0.82	-	p < 0.05
OTC-III	7.88	3.72	0.89	0.95	-

OTC: open-top chamber.

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The mean tree-ring growth of OTC-III was the highest at 7.88 ± 3.72 mm, followed by OTC-II (6.04 ± 3.57 mm) and OTC-I (5.81 ± 2.82 mm; Table 2). Regarding the accumulated annual tree-ring growth until 2021, only OTC-III showed a considerable difference compared to OTC-I and -II. During the first 7 years after CO₂ enrichment, OTC-II showed higher growth than OTC-I, after which the growth slowed lower. So, the tree-ring growth of OTC-II was slightly higher than OTC-I.

Although the amounts of CO₂ enrichment were different depending on the OTCs, the annual tree-ring variations showed a similar pattern. This result is possibly due to an effect of climate. It is known that the same tree species growing under similar climatic conditions show a similar inter-annual growth pattern due to their high dependency on climate (Choi et al., 2020; Schweingruber, 1998; Seo et al., 2019, 2021). So, the sudden decrease of tree-ring growth in 2018 may be due to the effect of high summer temperature which was the warmest summer according to the meteorological data measured till 2021 in Korea (https://data.kma.go.kr/climate/).

The effects of CO₂ on the tree-ring growth were different depending upon the CO₂ concentration (Fig. 2). The trees grown under 720 ppm and 560 ppm of CO₂ exhibited more growth than those under 400 ppm for 10 and 7 years, respectively. However, the tree-ring growth under 400 ppm was similar to the growth of that under 720 ppm and higher than the growth of the tree-ring under 560 ppm. This result indicates that tree growth is moderated by CO₂ concentrations. To understand this, study of tree physiology is necessary.

3.3. Widths of earlywood and latewood in response to CO₂ levels

The widths of the earlywood and latewood showed statistically significant differences between the OTCs (Table 3). Regarding the earlywood width, OTC-III displayed the largest width. The earlywood width of OTC-III (6.51 ± 3.32 mm) was significantly wider than that of OTC-I (4.75 ± 2.60 mm) and OTC-II (4.74 ± 3.06 mm; p < 0.01) although no significant difference was found between OTC-I and OTC-II. Concerning the latewood widths, OTC-III showed the highest width of 1.37 ± 0.76 mm, followed by OTC-II at 1.31 ± 0.81 mm and OTC-I at 1.06 ± 0.61 mm. A significant difference lied between OTC-III and OTC-I (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Results of ANOVA and post-hoc analysis

Parameter	OTC	Mean	SD	F-value	p-value	Post-hoc
Tree-ring width (mm)	I	5.81	2.82	8.014	0.000	I < III II < III
	II	6.04	3.57
	III	7.88	3.72
Earlywood width (mm)	I	4.75	2.60	7.434	0.000	I < III II < III
	II	4.74	3.07
	III	6.51	3.32
Latewood width (mm)	I	1.06	0.61	4.245	0.016	I < III
	II	1.31	0.81
	III	1.37	0.76
Area (mm²)	I	1,456	1,045	7.934	0.001	I < III II < III
	II	1,527	1,109
	III	2,574	1,735

ANOVA: analysis of variance, OTC: open-top chamber.

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The earlywood width was the primary determinant of growth in all the OTCs in this study (Fig. 3). The inter-annual tree-ring variation showed a higher correlation with the earlywood (0.98, p < 0.01) than with the latewood (0.61, p < 0.01). Furthermore, simple regression analysis showed that the earlywood width affected the tree-ring width growth significantly (p < 0.01). The adjusted R-squared value was 96%, indicating that wider the earlywood width, greater was the annual growth (B = 0.87).

Fig. 3. Annual widths of tree ring, earlywood and latewood of OTCs. Black line: tree ring, yellow area: earlywood, and brown area: latewood. OTC: open-top chamber.

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The current research found that OTC-III, with the highest CO₂ level, produced significantly wider early- and latewood, and the width of the earlywood was the primary factor responsible for that year’s growth. The surrounding growing environment influenced the formation process and anatomical characteristics of the wood cells (Cuny et al., 2019; Jasińska et al., 2015; Plomion et al., 2001; Schweingruber, 1991; Zhirnova et al., 2021). Various studies reported that the conifers are relatively sensitive to external growing environment (Cabral-Alemán et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2022), which is likely a reason for the distinct differences between the earlywood widths among the OTCs in this study.

The findings suggest that earlywood not only influences the growth but also the wood properties. The earlywood has thin cell walls and wide lumens, whereas the latewood has thicker cell walls and narrower lumens (Cuny et al., 2014; Kwon et al., 2020). This indicates that variations in growth due to increasing CO₂ concentration can ultimately impact the wood properties, such as density, strength, and dimensional stability of the wood (Kwon et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2008).

3.4. Timber volume in response to CO₂ levels

The cross-sectional areas of the wood were 17,487.52 mm² for OTC-I, 18,326.33 mm² for OTC-II, and 30,925.62 mm² for OTC-III, i.e. OTC-I was the smallest and OTC-III was the largest [Fig. 4(a)]. The largest annual increase in the cross-sectional area occurred in all three OTCs in 2010 when CO₂ enrichment started [(Fig. 4(b)]. Prior to the CO₂ enrichment, the average cross-sectional area increase was about two times, but in 2010, it was six times in OTC-I, thirteen times in OTC-II, and eleven times in OTC-III. Variance analysis indicated the differences in the means among the OTCs, while the t-test revealed a clear difference between OTC-I and OTC-III (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4. Comparisons among chambers about accumulated volume and annual volume growth. ■: OTC-I, ■: OTC-II, and ■: OTC-III. OTC: open-top chamber.

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Most of the methods for calculating timber volume are based on the wood's cross-sectional area (Korea Forest Research Institute, 2023). This means that for the same length of timber, the volume will be proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wood. In the present study, it was estimated that OTC-III had the largest cross-sectional area, and therefore, had the largest volume. Volume is a common way to represent forest resources (Avery and Burkhart, 2002), and the knowledge of changes in volume with increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration is necessary for forest resource management.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The current study was fulfilled using the largest monitoring data from open-top chambers, which were designed to behave like a natural forest environment, in Korea. Therefore, the results serve as more reliable references than those from the greenhouse experiments which considered a short time span, say couple of years to apply to natural forests. Moreover, our results can serve as a fundament reference in making strategy to manage forests according to CO₂ increment in the atmosphere.

Through the study, it was verified that CO₂ increment can induce increase in the annual tree ring, earlywood and latewood widths, and annual tree-ring area of Korean red pine. Such positive effects will significantly support quantitative growth. However, from qualitative view point, it will be less important because growth mainly occurs in the earlywood, which has lower physical and mechanical properties than the latewood. In this regard, further study on the property of wood cells, such as cell-wall thickness, lumen size, or microfibril angle is required.

CONFLICT of INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was supported by Chungbuk National University Korea National University Development Project (2022).

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