Table 1. Compound of rubberwood extract by GC-MS with methanol solvent that has potential as a semiochemical for termites and insects

Chemical compound	Group of compound	RT (min)	Area (%)	Bioactivity	Species/organism
2H-Pyran-2-one, 5,6-dihydro-6-pentyl	Lactone	22.102	0.22	Attractant	Thrips obscuratus (New Zealand flower thrips; El-Sayed et al., 2014)Cockroaches(Periplaneta spp.; Szőri et al., 2008)
trans-Isoeugenol	Fenol	27.025	0.12	Attractant	Diabrotica barberi(northern corn rootworm; Whitworth et al., 2002)Zeugodacus diversus(fruit fly; Royer et al., 2018)Coptotermes curvignathus(Achmad et al., 2021)
Arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-Z)-)	Fatty acid	38.431	0.16	Eicosanoid precursor	Insects(general; Vatanparast et al., 2018)
				Developmental regulation	Insects(general; Vatanparast et al., 2018)
				Essential nutrient	Insects & termites(Vatanparast et al., 2018)
Methyl palmitate (hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester)	Fatty acid	38.634	0.32	Attractant	Varroa jacobsoni(parasitic mite; Le Conte et al., 1989)
				Kairomone(probing cue)	Peregrinator biannulipes(Tebayashi et al., 2003)
				Antibacterial	Termite (Arinana et al., 2025)
				Acaricidal	Tetranychus spp.(spider mites; Wang et al., 2009, 2010)
				Growth inhibition	Crickets(McFarlane and Henneberry, 1965)
				Repellent(short-chain fatty acids)	Stored product pests(Cohen et al., 1974)
Methyl oleate (9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester)	Fatty acid	40.861	0.22	Communication cue	Macrotermes gilvus(Kuswanto et al., 2015)
Oleic acid	Fatty acid	41.225	0.12	Burial cue(corpse burial)	Coptotermes formosanus(Li et al., 2024)
				Increased building behavior	Reticulitermes virginicus(Ulyshen and Shelton, 2012)
				Attractant	Trogoderma granariumCohen et al., 1974)
				Major metabolic component	Termites(general; Macháček et al., 2023)

GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.