Table 1. Summary of methodological quality and risk-of-bias assessment across the 24 included studies using the JBI and RoB 2.0 tool

Study design category	Assessment tool	No. of studies	Quality rating (%)	Main issues identified
Non-randomized experimental andquasi-experiment	JBI critical appraisal checklist	22	Low risk:5 studies (22.7%)	Adequate control of exposure conditions and outcome measurement
			Some concerns:14 studies (63.6%)	Small sample size, short exposure duration, limited control of confounders
			High risk:3 studies (13.6%)	Very small samples, insufficient exposure control, incomplete outcome reporting
Randomized & crossover trials	Cochrane risk of bias 2.0	2	Some concerns:2 studies (100%)	Incomplete blinding due to visible environmental interventions, partial missing outcome data

JBI: Joanna Briggs Institute.