Table 3. Effects of forest product-derived polysaccharides on obesity via the intestinal microbiota

Name	Compounds (constitutional monosaccharides)	Gut bacteria changed	Mechanisms	References
Plants
Lycium barbarum	Polysaccharides (xylose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, fructose, fucose, ribose)	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Lactobacillus↑	Gut microbiota diversity↑, SCFAs↑	(Yang et al., 2021)
Ophiopogon japonicus	A water-soluble β-D-fructan	Bacteroidetes↑, Firmicutes↓	SCFAs↑, related metabolites↑	(Shi et al., 2015)
Ficus pumila Linn.	Homogalacturonan-type pectic polysaccharide	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Akkermansia↑, Blautia↓	Body weight↓, serum total cholesterol↓, LDL-C↓	(Wu et al., 2020)
Bamboo	Polysaccharide (arabinoxylan)	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Enterobacter↓, Desulfovibrio↓, Akkermansia muciniphila↑, Lactobacillus↑	Richness and diversity of gut microbiota↑, lipid metabolism↑	(Chen et al., 2018)
Soybean	Soybean insoluble dietary fiber	Lactobacillus↑, Lachnospirace↑, Lachnospiraceae↓	Total cholesterol↓, triglyceride↓, LDL-C↓, HDL cholesterol↑, SCFAs↑	(Wang et al., 2021)
Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.	Polysaccharides (fructose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, galacturonic acid)	Muribaculaceae↑, Bifidobacterium↑, Rikenellaceae↑, Alistipes↑, Bacteroides↑, Lactobacillus↓, Firmicutes↓, Dubosiella↓, Bilophila↓, Streptococcus↓	Body weight gain↓, serum lipids↓, liver triglycerides↓, p-adenine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)α↑, PPARα↑, ACC1 phosphorylation↑, FAS↓, PPARγ↓, CD36↓, SCFAs↑	(Lan et al., 2022)
Guava	Polysaccharides (galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose)	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Clostridium XlVa↑, Parvibacter↑, Enterorhabdus↑, Mucispirillum↓	Induced body weight gain↓, visceral obesity↓, serum cholesterol↓, triglyceride↓, LDL-C↓, hepatic lipid accumulation↓	(Li et al., 2022b)
Hylocereus undatus	Polysaccharides	Muribaculacea↓, Lactobacillaceae↑, Lachnospiraceae↑, Ruminococcaceae↑	Obesity↓ via amino acid, carbohydrate, and glycan metabolism.	(Lee et al., 2022)
Mushrooms
Ophicordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris	Carbohydrates, amino acids	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Phascolarctobacterium↑, Bifidobacterium↑	Gut pH↓, SCFAs↑	(Ji et al., 2020)
Ganoderma lucidum	Polysaccharides (mannose, glucose, galactose)	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Parabacteroides goldsteinii↑, Bacteroides spp.↑, Anaerotruncus colihominis↑, Roseburia hominis↑, Clostridium methylpentosum↑, Clostridium XIVa and XVIII↑, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes↑	Gut barrier integrity↑, endotoxemia↓, TLR4 signaling↓, inflammation↓	(Chang et al., 2015)
Mushrooms
Oudemansiella radicata	Polysaccharides	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Bacteroidete↑, Parabacteroides↑	SCFAs↑	(Liu et al., 2021)
Grifola frondosa	Polysaccharides (mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, fucose)	Oscillibacter↑, Barnesiella↑, Defluvitalea↑	AMPK-α↑, PPAR-α↑, glucokinase↑, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c↓, ACC↓	(Pan et al., 2020)

Please note that most of the results in the presented references are from studies performed on animal models, and additional experiments are required to determine if the results can apply to healthy individuals or humans.
↑: Increased, enhanced, promoted, or positively changed in terms of activity, expression, or concentration.
↓: Decreased, inhibited, repressed, reduced, or negatively changed in terms of activity, expression, or concentration.
SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, FAS: fatty acid synthase, CD36: cluster of differentiation 36, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4.