| Plants |
| Lycium barbarum | Polysaccharides (arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose) | Lactobacillus acidophilus↑, Bifidobacterium longum↑, Akkermansia↑, Lactobacillus↑, Prevotellaceae↑, Proteobacteria↑, Firmicutes↑, Bacteroidetes↓ | Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β↑, IL-6↑ in serum, sIgA↑ in the colon | (Zhu et al., 2020) |
| Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | Polysaccharides [(1→4)-α-D-glucan with α-D-glycopyranosyl moieties] | Veillonellaceae↑, Negativicutes↑, Escherichia↑, Shigella↑, Bacteroidetes↑, Megamonas↑, Bifidobacterium↑, Firmicutes↓, Actinomycetes↓ | Gut pH↓, SCFAs↑ | (Guan et al., 2022) |
| Morus alba Linné leaves | Polysaccharides (mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose) | Bacteroidetes↑, Firmicutes↓, Butyricimonas↓ Eubacterium↓ | SCFAs↑ | (Chen et al., 2021) |
| Moringa oleifera | Polysaccharides (β-gluco-pyranose, mannose) | Muribaculaceae↑, Proteobacteria↓, Helicobacter↓, Stenotrophomonas↓ | Thymus index↑, spleen index↑, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓ | (Wen et al., 2022) |
| Dendrobium huoshanense | Polysaccharides (glucose, xylose, galactose) | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Lactobacillus↑, Clostridium↓, Psychrobacter↓, Propionibacterium↓ | Cytokines↑, immune cells↑ | (Xie et al., 2019) |
| Dendrobium aphyllum | Polysaccharides (mannose, glucose) | Porphyromonadaceae↑, Ruminococcacea↑, Erysipelotrichaceae↑ | Gastrointestinal transit time↓, pH↓, fecal water-binding capability↑, SCFAs↑ | (Liu et al., 2019) |
| Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Polysaccharides (mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose, arabinose, fucose) | Firmicutes↑, Bifidobacterium↑, Lactobacillus↑, Roseburia↑, Bacteroides↓, Proteobacteria↓ Staphylococcus↓ | Proinflammatory cytokines↓, SCFAs↑ | (Cui et al., 2021) |
| Pueraria thomsonii | Polysaccharides | Parabacteroides↑, Prevotellaceae↑ | Hepatic injury↓, steatosis↓, intestinal barrier integrity↓, inflammation↓ | (Li et al., 2022a) |
| Mushrooms |
| Dictyophora indusiate | Polysaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose) | Proteobacteria↓, Bacteroides↓, Gammaproteobacteria↓, Bacteroidaceae↓, Enterobacteriaceae↓, Lactobacillus↑ | Cytokine↓, anti-inflammatory cytokine↑, tight-junction proteins↑ | (Kanwal et al., 2020) |
| Pleurotus eryngii | Polysaccharides (glucose) | Porphyromonadaceae↑, Rikenellaceae↑, Bacteroidaceae↑, Lactobacillaceae↑ Firmicutes↓, Bacteroidetes↑ | pH↓, moisture content↑, SCFAs↑ | (Ma et al., 2017) |
| Inonotus obliquus | Polysaccharides (mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose) | Bacteroidetes↑, Firmicutes↓ | Glutathione peroxidase↑, total antioxidant capacity↑, TNF-α↓, TGF β↓, lipase↓, trypsin↓ | (Hu et al., 2017) |
| Mushrooms |
| Auricularia auricular-judae (Bull.) | Polysaccharides (rhamnose, mannose, glucose, fucose, xylose, galactose) | Deferribacteres↓, Actinobacteria↓, Ruminococcus sp.↓ | Symptoms of colitis↓ | (Zhao et al., 2020) |
| Flammuliana velutipes | Polysaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose) | Lachnospiraceae↑, Ruminal butyrivibrio↑, Roseburia↑ | SCFAs↑ | (Zhang et al., 2020) |
| Hericium erinaceus | Polysaccharides | Clostridiales↑, Akkermansia↑, Desulfovibrio↑ | Nitric oxide↓, malondialdehyde↓, total superoxide dismutase↓, myeloperoxidase↓ | (Ren et al., 2018) |
| Lentinula edodes | Polysaccharides | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↓, Bacteroidia↑, Bacillus↓, Betaproteobacteria↓, Bacteroidaceae↑, Lactobacillaceae↓, Alcaligenaceae↓. | Immune responses↑, cytokine↑ in peripheral blood. | (Xu et al., 2015) |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Polysaccharides | Bacteroidetes↓, Firmictutes↑, Lactobacillales↑, Roseburia↑, Lachnospiraceae↑ | Superoxide dismutase↑, total antioxidant activity↑, lipase↓, amylase↓, interferon γ↓, TNF-α↓ | (Li et al., 2016) |
| Phellinus linteus | Polysaccharide extracts (glucose, arabinose, fucose, galactose, xylose) | Roseburia↑, Prevotella↑, Ruminiclostridium-9↑, Lachnospiraceae↑, Blautia↑, Oscibacter↑, Clostridium↓, Escherichia↓, Bacteroidales↓ | SCFAs↑, lipopolysaccharides↓ | (Liu et al., 2020) |