Table 5.
Relative ratio level of terpenic VOCs from red pine needles analyzed by HS-SPME-GC/MS
| Chemical Class | Compounds | Intact | Senescent | Litter |
| Monoterpenes | | | | |
| Furan | Perillene | 0.3 ± 0.11 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| Bornane | Borneol | 21.4 ± 12.7 | 76.8 ± 87.6 | 127.1 ± 115.6 |
| Camphor | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 44.8 ± 59.1 | 53.4 ± 31.4 |
| L-Bornyl acetate | 191.8 ± 71.1 | 50.1 ± 31.4 | 13.8 ± 8.3 |
| Isocamphane | Camphene | 179.3 ± 60.7 | 234.2 ± 37.4 | 214.4 ± 62.9 |
| Myrcane | Linalool oxide (1) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 1.9 |
| β-Myrcene | 1,170.6 ± 906.1 | 1,505.1 ± 595.9 | 833.4 ± 176.1 |
| Linalool oxide (2) | n. d2 | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 9.8 ± 5.9 |
| Pinane | 2-β-Pinene | 386.1 ± 216.6 | 574.3 ± 219.0 | 445.9 ± 194.7 |
| cis-Verbenol | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 3.2 |
| Myrtenal | n. d | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 4.5 |
| Myrtenol | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 4.5 | 5.6 ± 2.1 |
| Pinocarveol | n. d | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 2.9 |
| Pinocarvone | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 3.7 |
| Verbenone | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 3.0 | 4 ± 3.7 |
| α-Pinene | 2,277.2 ± 945.7 | 3,153.4 ± 560.3 | 2,759.2 ± 421.8 |
| p-Menthane | 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.7 |
| Cryptone | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 1.1 |
| d-Limonene | 248.6 ± 92.7 | 344.2 ± 54.7 | 299.8 ± 57.9 |
| L-Phellandrene | 31.6 ± 17.1 | 26.7 ± 6.8 | 88.2 ± 129.0 |
| Methyl thymyl ether | 98.5 ± 83.3 | 90 ± 23.3 | 57.9 ± 21.8 |
| p-Cymen-8-ol | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 10.1 ± 7.1 | 13.5 ± 9.7 |
| p-Cymene | 9.5 ± 3.7 | 31.1 ± 5.0 | 86.6 ± 47.5 |
| p-Cymenene | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 19.7 ± 13.2 | 35.2 ± 24.0 |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 1.4 |
| Terpinolene | 308.8 ± 187.9 | 531.2 ± 105.0 | 305.2 ± 85.6 |
| α-Terpinene | 7.5 ± 3.1 | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.1 |
| α-Terpineol | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 4.5 |
| β-Phellandrene | 1,918.8 ± 974.3 | 1,837.4 ± 312.9 | 1,210.2 ± 240.1 |
| Thujane | 2,4(10)-Thujadiene | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 3.5 |
| Sabinene | 45.5 ± 29.5 | 33.5 ± 24.4 | 10.1 ± 7.3 |
| Sesquiterpenes | | | | |
| Aromadendrane | Aromadendrene | 4.3 ± 2.0 | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 5.0 ± 1.5 |
| Spathulenol | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.0 |
| Bicyclogermacrane | Bicyclogermacrene | 31.7 ± 15.1 | 6.8 ± 5.8 | 4.0 ± 1.3 |
| Bourbonane | β-Bourbonene | 5.9 ± 5.2 | 10.0 ± 4.9 | 14.3 ± 3.2 |
| Cadinane | α-Cadinene | 5.3 ± 2.5 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 1.1 |
| γ-Cadinene | 32.1 ± 13.9 | 34.7 ± 7.0 | 45 ± 8.3 |
| δ-Cadinene | 49 ± 20.4 | 49.4 ± 8.9 | 59.7 ± 13.1 |
| Caryophyllane | Caryophyllene | 196.6 ± 67.5 | 246.9 ± 46.3 | 213.5 ± 24.1 |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 12.8 ± 5.8 |
| Copaane | α-Copaene | 13.2 ± 5.8 | 16.2 ± 2.8 | 18.1 ± 2.2 |
| Cubebane | α-Cubebene | 8.0 ± 3.0 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 9.3 ± 1.0 |
| β-Cubebene | 6.7 ± 3.1 | 5.8 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 1.1 |
| Eudesmane | α-Selinene | 5.4 ± 2.5 | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 9.9 ± 3.1 |
| β-Selinene | 6.2 ± 2.9 | 10.2 ± 3.7 | 12.1 ± 3.8 |
| Farnesane | cis-β-Farnesene | 4.5 ± 3.0 | 8.8 ± 6.9 | 6.8 ± 3.0 |
| Germacrane | Germacrene-D | 122.8 ± 61.4 | 54.4 ± 37.3 | 35.6 ± 30.5 |
| Humulane | Humulene oxide | n. d | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
| α-Humulene | 89.8 ± 34.4 | 107.4 ± 19.3 | 101.7 ± 17.6 |
| Longifolane | Longifolene | 14.7 ± 6.3 | 21.5 ± 8.6 | 21.9 ± 6.3 |
| Muurolane | α-Muurolene | 16.0 ± 7.4 | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 16.5 ± 3.2 |
| γ-Muurolene | 24.0 ± 10.4 | 22.1 ± 5.8 | 28.8 ± 2.8 |
| Hemiterpeneste | Isopentanol | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 9.0 ± 10.2 |
| 2-MethyL-1-propanol | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
| 3-MethyL-2-buten-1-ol | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 7.0 ± 2.9 | 4.7 ± 7.8 |
Compound amount was estimated based on the percent ratio of peak area of identified compound to internal standard peak area. Each amount was calculated based on extracted ion chromatograms from scanning data.
n. d: not detected