Table 2. Combined severity factor (CSF) calculated from pretreatment conditions
T (°C)
1
)
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
t (min)
2
)
23.9
25.8
27.6
29.2
31.5
34.3
38.0
Log (R
0
)
3
)
0.99
1.32
1.61
1.87
2.23
2.61
3.00
pH
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
CSF
4
)
–0.26
0.07
0.36
0.62
0.98
1.36
1.75
Reaction temperature in °C.
Residence time in minutes.
R
0
= t ∙ exp [(T – 100) / 14.75].
CSF = Log (R
0
) – pH.